Saturday, August 22, 2020

Kim Dae Jung-Letting the Sun Shine In free essay sample

The accompanying paper talks about Kim Dae Jungs history and analyzes the purposes behind his triumphant the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize. This paper analyzes Kims methodology of attempting to bring North Korea and South Korea closer and of attempting to make the North progressively open. What's more the strategys chances for progress are likewise examined. From the paper: Kim appears to have a decent as chance as anybody is probably going to defrost the connections between the two nations that were separated toward the finish of the Korean War and from multiple points of view despite everything stay caught by the sort of strains that once encompassed a significant part of the globe during the Cold War. His history of attempting to move his nation tenderly yet immovably into the future dates from his ascent to being a conspicuous restriction pioneer during the residency of President Park Chung Hee. In 1997 he turned into the South Korean first restriction pioneer to win political race to his countrys administration. We will compose a custom article test on Kim Dae Jung-Letting the Sun Shine In or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ?

Friday, August 21, 2020

Silent Stars Free Essays

Home. At long last. I turn off the radiator, the lights, and afterward the motor. We will compose a custom exposition test on Quiet Stars or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Work was troublesome. An additional 7-hour move, finished. I get my effects, open the entryway, and stroll to my home. The canines are yelping as of now. The brutal bark of Reggie and the low, nearly snarling of Checkers can be gotten notification from the yard. I make the way for discover the expansion lights on. Every other person is sleeping. The mutts welcome me with their typical joy. Checkers sniffs my legs, and Reggie stars at me, swaying his little â€Å"nubbin.† Turning around to the entryway, I turn the lock. With a little push, I ensure the entryway is totally shut. I turn the handle once to ensure it is really bolted. You just can't be sure whether somebody will come in your home in the night. I pull the rope, and mood killer the light. I abhor the dull. My folks wheeze so noisily. Crawling past their room to my own room, I open the entryway gradually trying to cover the inescapable shrieking sound. â€Å"Erin? Is that you?† Dad asks the moment the entryway sounds. â€Å"Yeah, Dad. I’m home.† I turn on my room light, and close the entryway. There’s no compelling reason to stress over the sound it makes now. Father is as of now wakeful. My shoulder throbs from all the weight I’m conveying. I put my book sack down toward the side of the room. Setting my orange sack on my bed, I start to take out all the garments that need washed. To begin with, my tennis shorts, at that point my shirt, at that point my socks, at that point my shoes. That's right, everything’s there. Next, I take out my school garments: my pants, my shirt, and my shoes. Great, didn’t overlook anything. At long last, I take the garments and put in them in the hamper. I’ll easily forget in the first part of the day. I go to my storage room to select my night robe, picking my underpants first. Next, I pick a shirt to stay in bed. The last article is my jeans. Everything needs to coordinate. On the off chance that they don’t, I need to return them. An additional ten-minute procedure. Time to shower. The smell of oil, fries, and fat, inexpensive food is overpowering around evening time. I gradually slide the entryway shut, turn on the light, and open the hamper. Showering rapidly, I make a point to wash my hair twice. I detest hardened hair. I turn off the water and dry myself. At that point, I get dressed, and prepare to brush my teeth. I remove my toothbrush from the holder. The pleasant, sparkly, pink spread needs expelled. Removing the spread and putting it to one side of the sink, I wet my toothbrush once and apply the toothpaste. I wet the brush once more. Brushing my teeth gradually, I try to get each tooth impeccably spotless. Last, I gradually make delicate circles on my front teeth making a point to get them cleaned incredibly well. I run the brush under the water once more, and afterward flush my mouth with the most blazing water that will come out. Let the water out, at that point flush once more. It’s typical in my daily practice. Presently my mouth is sufficiently perfect to talk. I sneak to the PC room, and discreetly grab the telephone from its charger. Coming back to my room is troublesome. I need to gradually close the entryway to abstain from waking my folks. I hold the telephone under a pad so my folks can’t hear me dial. Putting my finger on the 9, I dial his number effortlessly despite the fact that I can't see the catches I am pushing. Remembering the area of the numbers on the telephone has made this activity simpler. I rapidly spread my head before he picks up the telephone to overwhelm the sound of my voice. He gets and we talk for some time. The floor squeaks as the heater turns on. The sound is consoling to me now. We hang up following a 30 minutes and I sneak the telephone back to the PC room. I’m practically prepared to rest. I stroll back to my room and close the entryway for the last time. Turning on the radio to Q 102, I get the pink dinosaur he got me for Easter, and move into bed. Rapidly I petition God for my family and my companions and express gratitude toward God for all the days he has given me. At the point when I am done conversing with God, I shut my mouth, and afterward my eyes. The energy of the day goes through my mind once more. I wonder about the occasions that have occurred. In the event that I had said something in an unexpected way, or acted in an alternate way, what might have occurred? Contemplating the great things that happened at work and school today makes me grin. My companions are difficult to supplant. My brain appears to hop around more rapidly now. That’s the sign I was searching for. I am drawing near to rest. As I float off, I tune in to the radio. The words I hear start to drift in my mind: â€Å"I presumably wouldn’t be like this. I likely wouldn’t hurt so terrible. I never envisioned each moment, without you in it. Gracious, you left so quick. At times I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Step by step instructions to refer to Silent Stars, Papers

SIPA alumni on Forbes 30 Under 30; new Columbia Displaced Student Scholarship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA alumni on Forbes 30 Under 30; new Columbia Displaced Student Scholarship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The U.S. celebrated Thanksgiving last week, and wherever you are, I hope you were able to spend some time with loved ones and eat a good meal together. Now that were back, heres a SIPA news roundup: SIPA Alumni Featured on Forbes 30 Under 30 Forbes just released their 30 Under 30 list, which includes co-founders of education-tech startup Learnabi Rahel Tekola MPA 18 and Niara Valerio MPA 19! We are so excited that Rahel and Niara are being recognized for their amazing work, especially since we got to know them when they were program assistants at the Office of Admissions and Financial Aid! They shared how they met as students at SIPA and started Learnabi in this blog post from February 2019. Congratulations Rahel and Niara! First University-Wide Scholarship Program for Displaced Students The United Nations estimates that more than 70 million people are currently living as refugees or asylum-seekers, or have been internally displaced due to wars and natural calamity â€" the largest such population in human history. Were proud that prospective SIPA students can apply for the world’s first university-wide scholarship for displaced students. Hear from Warda Sahtout MIA 20 and other Columbia University in the City of New York students about the impact of this scholarship and learn more about applying at globalcenters.columbia.edu/CUSDS. Warda Sahtout MIA 20 Upcoming Scholarship Opportunities The SIPA Financial Aid Office maintains a database of external funding opportunities, and we wanted to alert students to some with upcoming application deadlines.   For more external scholarship awards, go to our External Fellowships and Funding Sources page. Margaret McNamara Education Grants Requirements: Applicants must be at least 25 years old at the time of the application deadline, a national of a country listed on the MMEG Country Eligibility list, enrolled for a full academic term after award and not related to a World Bank Group, IMF or Inter-American Development Bank. Deadline: January 15, 2020 Boren Graduate Fellowships Requirements: Applicants must be US citizens  planning an overseas program that meets home institution standards in a country outside of Western Europe, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Deadline: January 29, 2020 Lint Center for National Security Scholarships Requirements: Scholarships provided to Counterintelligence and National Security Workers, their children and scholars, and to advance the study of National Security, cross-cultural studies, and global understanding. Deadline: January 31, 2020 Straus Historical Society Scholarship Requirements: Applicants must be U.S. citizens preparing for a career in public service. Deadline: January 31, 2020 Finlandia Foundation National Scholarships Requirements: Applicants must be U.S. or Finnish citizens with a minimum GPA 3.0. Deadline: February 1, 2020 Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation Scholarships Requirements: Applicants must be members of Kappa Kappa Gamma. Deadline: February 1, 2020 Zeta Phi Beta National Education Foundation Scholarship Requirements: Applicants need not be members of Zeta Phi Beta. Eligibility criteria and award amounts vary, and some are available for international students. Deadline: February 1, 2020

Thursday, June 25, 2020

Memories in The Glass Menagerie - Free Essay Example

Memories in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams is classified as a Memory Play (Williams, 5).   Being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic (Williams, 5).  Ã‚   Memories often are biased to what people want to remember, or how they want to remember.   Tom Wingfield, the narrator of the play, explains that In memory, everything seems to happen to music (Williams, 5).   All of the characters in the play have been in some way affected by their past, and struggled to move on from it.   From this, they gain specific traits and emotions that are important to their personality.   Memories play a major role in The Glass Menagerie, as the story is told through what Tom Wingfield remembers about the past events in his life.. Tom Wingfield, the narrator, struggles in his life, painstakingly remembering how his father had left him, his sister, and mother alone without warning.   He explains that he has two situations to choose from: He can either live how he wants to, but abandon his mother and sister, just how his father did, or he can swallow his own dreams in life and stick with them.   When he makes the decision to leave behind his family, he is overwhelmed with a sense of guilt.   this division in his character, and his attempt to resolve it, creates a fundamental tension in the play (Bell).   His mother and sister no longer had a provider, and he knows it is his fault.   His mother even calls him out at one point when he tries to leave.   Go to the movies, go! Dont think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister whos crippled and has no job! Dont let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure! (Williams, 95) He does not want to become the same kind of man his father was, but he ultimately has a soliloquy that reflects his fathers behaviors, and then thinks about facing his sister after all that time.   I didnt go to the moon.   I went much further- for time is the longest distance between two places I traveled around a great deal.   The cities swept about me like dead leaves that were brightly colored but torn away from the branches.   I would have stopped, but I was pursued by something Perhaps I am walking along a street at night, in some strange city, before I have found companions.   I pass the lighted window of a shop where perfume is sold.   The window is filled with pieces of colored glass, tiny transparent bottles in delicate colors, like bits of shattered rainbow.   Then all at once my sister touches my shoulder.   I turn around and look into her eyes(Williams, 96). However, Tom is not the only one affected by his past.   Laura Wingfield, Toms sister, is an emotionally distressed young lady, who struggles greatly with her past.   In addition to her emotional pain, she is physically disabled as well, due to an illness from her childhood.   She is incredibly shy and lacks confidence due to the leg brace she must wear.   She keeps to herself, surrounded by records and her glass animals.  Ã‚   She lives in a world of fantasy wherein she collects glass animals and takes daily trips to the zoo (Bell).   She can even be compared to the animals in her collection; fragile and delicate.   Laura explains that Most of them are little animals made out of glass, the tiniest little animals in the world (Williams, 82).   Through her, the audience is constantly reminded of her father, whose records she plays throughout the play.   It is a way she remembers her father.   She clearly lacks a male-figure in her life, because of her father and br other leaving her and her mother behind.   This becomes more evident when she is reunited with Jim OConnor, a man who she had loved as a girl.   While they are dancing, they accidentally bump into the table that held Lauras glass animals.   The unicorn falls off and the horn breaks, which can be a symbol of how peculiar she felt about herself before speaking with Jim, and how she felt normal around him, just as a unicorn without a horn is just a horse.   It is clear she still loves him, but she is shot down when she hears that he is already engaged to someone else. She is overwhelmed by this, and is unable to move past it.   Laura once again feels abandoned by a man. She remembers her past, compares it to her present, and feels like giving up on her future. Amanda Wingfield, Tom and Lauras mother, has also struggled with her past, but handles it differently.   She is not crippled by it, but pushed to make positive situations out of negative ones.   She believes that in the end everything will turn out okay.   Reflecting on her past, she feels that she had missed out in a world of young men and experiences.   She was very popular, and often remembers how many gentlemen callers she had in order to feel a sense of happiness and wholeness.   However, she met her husband and married him instead.   She hopes that Laura can find a husband, because she feels a sense of security in knowing her daughter does not go down the same path as she did.   Unlike Laura, Amanda is very open about her emotions, as she struggles in her own childhood.   When she was a young girl, she was faced with social situations she did not know how to deal with.   Amanda grew up impoverished in a St. Louis house in an alleyway.   With heroic desperati on, Amanda attempts to keep the family together although her background and temperament provide her with few strategies to do so (Bell).   Her struggle is not overcoming her memories of the past, but reaching freedom in her life, where it is difficult not to feel trapped.   Her biggest apparent fear is that she will become weak, like most unmarried women she sees.   She explains that those unmarried women are pitiful cases, and little birdlike women without any nest (Williams, 16).   Amanda does not want her or her daughter to suffer from their past events.   Jim OConnor, Lauras prospective caller, is the most realistic out of the other characters.   However, he does struggle with his own past successes. Jim is a former hero of the high school Tom and Laura Wingfield attended (Heintzelman).   However, as he grew older, he found it incredibly difficult to excel elsewhere.   He would reminisce and try to bask in the glory of his high school days, hoping others would address him for what he used to be as well. I was valuable to him as someone who could remember his former glory (Williams, 50).   Jim is settled down and engaged, trying to feel comfortable in his new, more low-key lifestyle.   While Jim did not face the same hardships as the Wingfields, he still has to recover from his exciting and popular lifestyle.   He has to learn how to stop living through the past, and start moving forward.   It is also quite possible that these great memories flood his mind, and that he blocks out the hardships, making it even more difficu lt for him to remember that his life was not always perfect.   A persons memory can sometimes be selective and unreliable. In other words, certain things are forgotten in order to focus on others. In the case of the Wingfields, they went through an abundance of pain and suffering.   They have become so focused on what they have been through, and they forget many of the positive times in their life, when things were not so bad.   Tom Wingfield recalls most of his life in a negative way, however life is full of ups and downs.   Tom just subconsciously chooses to focus on the negative, since it was so relevant to his life.   In the case of Jim OConnor however, the brain can also block out the negatives, and focus solely on the positives.   He often thinks about his life as the superstar of his former sports team, but forgets (for example) about the training and grueling practice it took to get there.   He tries to keep reliving his successes without addressing his hard work and endeavors to reach that point.   In both cases, memories can have a negative effect on a persons ability to move forward. Memory omits certain details, and overemphasizes others.   Tennessee Williams Emphasizes how subjective memory is with the visual of stage directions, saying He tears the portieres open. The dining-room area is lit with a turgid smoky red glow (Williams, 22).   Psychologists at Harvard University think that   a malfunction in this system may be to blame for mood disorders like depression and anxiety † where simulations of the future are repetitively negative, and hammer home a distortedly negative worldview(Beck).   This theory supports the idea that memories affect them mentally, causing them to grow weak and delicate.   These characters form their own glass menagerie, fragile, easy-to-break people, who are trying to live a life of illusion blurred by their memories.   They get in their own heads and are unable to actually accomplish anything.   Because of Tom Wingfield narrating this story through memory, his inner thoughts are worn on his sleeve.   Just like glass, their emotions are shining through, the characters are transparent in how they are feeling.   It is evident that they are all facing their own inner demons.   Tennessee Williams writes When you look at a piece of delicately spun glass you think of two things: how beautiful it is and how easily it can be broken (Williams, xxi).   This can be said about the characters in the play as well.   Life is beautiful, but can easily become destroyed by inner thoughts and emotions.   In this case, the emotions and inner thoughts all stem from their recollections in their lives. While Tom Wingfield is the narrator, it is not Toms memo ry alone that serves as the focal point.   With careful scrutiny, one finds that each character is frozen in time because of his or her memory (Bell).  Ã‚   Laura is fascinated by these glass animals, relating them to herself and the others in the play.   These figurines also cannot move on their own, which can relate back to the fact that their inability to move forward is caused by the inability to overcome failed dreams (Bell).

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Legal Status Of Marijuana - 1087 Words

Furthermore, there are other articles that gave reliable information about the legal status of marijuana. This is important to know because legal ramifications is a very important aspect of the topic. These sources give information pertaining where it is legal and why it is not legal in other states. The article from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov divulged into the legal status. This thoroughly explained how the FDA currently does not approve the drug due to lack of scientific research. It also explained how and why the drug became Schedule 1. Finally, medscape.com contains details about the ethics of the topic. Medscape shows both sides of the story, which is more reliable than other sites that are too one sided. Medscape explained that those who†¦show more content†¦First, I went onto procon.org to get some background information on medical marijuana. I learned that there were many facets to this topic. There were legal, ethical, and medical dilemmas with legalizing medical marijuana. I also discovered that many states already have the substance legalized. Another article where I found good background info about the risks, benefits, uses, and certification was â€Å"Medical Marijuana† by Amy E. Thompson. After gaining some basic knowledge there were a few questions that I knew I wanted to answer. I wanted learn things like what doctor’s opinions were, where was it legalized, and why the FDA and federal government has not approved it. In order to do so, I decided to find my answers by scouring reli able websites and articles. I visited informational websites such as medscape.com, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, drugpolicy.org,drugabuse.gov, www.fda.gov, and jama.jamanetwork.com. Each website contained articles about the various legal, ethical, and medical aspects. From this, I learned vital information about the topic and was able to make my decision. Findings: From the intense research the information learned included various doctor’s opinions, the government’s opinions, legalization, medical benefits, medical risks, and legal issues. First, the opinions of doctors are split because some support the idea while others oppose it. In both opinions, the doctor believes he

Monday, May 18, 2020

Economic Databases Are Collections Of Economic Information...

Economic databases are collections of economic information that inform the public about important issues that show economic growth or decline. These databases are very diverse and specific ranging from unemployment statistics to construction spending. The data is then used to help calculate long term and short term growth and let people know about economic opportunities. This information can be compared to different countries to let one country know where they measure between other countries. My first economic database was from the U.S. Department of Commerce on â€Å"Personal Income†. As defined by Investopedia, personal income is â€Å"Total compensation received by an individual. Personal income includes compensation from a number of sources - salaries, wages and bonuses received from employment or self-employment; dividends and distributions received from investments; rental receipts from real estate investments; profit-sharing from a business and so on.† (1) This data shows the personal income in all 4 quarters of 2013 and 2014 and has the first 2 quarters of 2015.This data is important because it displays how much money is being compensated to employees and breaks down certain items like wages and salaries, private industries, etc. This information can be useful to the government because it shows how much money Americans are making and where the compensation of an employee is going. The â€Å"Wages and Salaries by Industry† found on the U.S. Dep artment of Commerce Bureau of EconomicShow MoreRelatedUs Foods Business Analysis1916 Words   |  8 Pageswhose success began as a merchant for tea and coffee in Chicago in 1883 (http://www.usfoods.com). Today, US Foods is one of America’s leading food distributors, servicing every area of the industry, from small restaurants to healthcare, employing about 25,000 people working in over 60 locations nationwide. Their success is based upon their dedication to their customers, through integrity, innovation and teamwork. With a mission to â€Å"transform the food service industry by creating a superiorRead MoreSWOT Analysis of Nigerian Business Environment24237 Words   |  97 PagesLeppà ¤vaara Laurea University of Applied Sciences Laurea Leppà ¤vaara Renewable Energy Market Analysis in Nigeria Daramola Oladipo Degree Programme in Business Information Technology Bachelor’s Thesis December, 2012 Laurea University of Applied Sciences Abstract Laurea Leppà ¤vaara Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Business Information Technology Daramola, Oladipo Renewable Energy Market Analysis in Nigeria Year 2012 Pages 110 This thesis project research was conducted as part of the CONNECTRead MoreEmpirical Model, Operationalization And Measurement Of Variables, Target Population, Sampling Design, Data Collection, And8730 Words   |  35 PagesCHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter comprised of research design, research philosophy, empirical model, operationalization and measurement of variables, target population, sampling design, data collection instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis and presentation. The operational methodology that was used in this study was the before and after basis where data was collected on firms before using venture capital and after using venture capital. (BueselinckRead MoreMonetary Policy of India During Recession6337 Words   |  26 Pages| |2009 | | |University of Economics- Wroclaw | | | | | |Satish Kumar M.K Masters in Finance | | |Yr-1 | |Monetary Policy Project | |India’s Monetary Policy during recession,Read MoreLodging Inductry24737 Words   |  99 Pagessupport. Finally, the chapter introduces the various components of the marketing mix: promotion, product, price, and distribution. Distribution is sometimes called place and the marketing mix is called the 4 Ps. Marketing also includes research, information systems, and planning. If marketers do a good job of choosing the appropriate target markets and presenting an effective promotion mix, the result will be attractive products and satisfied customers. This would include identifying consumer needsRead MoreInnovation and Business Performance: a Literature Review16983 Words   |  68 PagesPotential research avenues REFERENCES 28 28 28 29 29 29 31 34 34 35 36 38 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 45 45 45 49 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Innovation has been cited as one of the key factors that affects competitiveness. Yet despite widespread agreement about its benefits, innovation is still poorly understood. Definitions are confused and the link between innovation and business performance remains to be proven. This literature review reports the first stage of an extensive study into the relationshipsRead MoreTiffanys Case Study6490 Words   |  26 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The specialty retail industry quickly returned to normal following the United States economic downturn in 2001, partly due to the increasing trend of middle-income American consumers demanding luxury at every level. Within the luxury industry, the jewellery sector is largest with global retail sales amounting to $150 billion. Tiffany amp; Co. currently is the leader within the jewellery industry. Tiffany recognized the growing number of consumers demanding luxury at mid-levelRead MoreThe Effect of Promotion and Market Share Enhancement on the Nigerian Banking Industries.13810 Words   |  56 Pages Discount House, Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC), Finance House, Nigerian Stock Exchange and other financial institutions. Broadly speaking, banking business is concerned with the offering of services, which include deposit collection, financial services, monetary transmission, credit services, foreign exchange services, among others. To offer these services efficiently and effectively to clients, corporate marketing managers must understand and practice marketing (Berry, 1974)Read MoreMai Property Management Business Plan5877 Words   |  24 Pagesin Management Ernest Norris Mai Property Management Business Plan Table of Contents Section 1: Executive Summary on Mai Property Management 3 Section 2: Code of Conduct 7 Section 3: Operations 11 Section 4: Marketing Plan 14 Section 5: Information Technology 19 Section 6: Financial Plan 22 Section 7: Management Summary 23 References 26 Appendix 27 Executive Summary Business Description At Mai Property Management Company is to provide full gross services on managing multi-family apartmentsRead MoreBt Direct Marketing5972 Words   |  24 Pagesachieve the already given targets and also prepare BT for an opening to new horizons. In addition, in order to face the fast changing environment we have to introduce within the companies activities like cross selling and e-marketing. A new era is at about to start, where BT will become one of the leaders within the global telecommunications industry starting from its dominance in the UK. 2.0 Preface of our Potential Marketing Plan Strategy Marketing is considered to be the most visible functional

Thursday, May 14, 2020

History of Programming Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Gabbrielli and Martini (2010) traces the evolution of programming styles, methods, and factors of change over the years while Sebesta (2005) provides an overview of various languages and their significance over the same period. Through these resources and a few others, as space permits, this paper gives a short description of how programming developed in the last 60 years. Programming styles, generations and factors of change Gabbrielli and Martini (2010: pp 413-417) discuss the developments in programming since the first effort to program computers since the late 1940’s. A summary of their investigation is given here. The initial computers like the EDSAC, Mark I and ENIAC etc. were large devices as computer chips, or even transistors were not invented by then. The size, cost and novelty of computers restricted their use mainly for research or occasionally for military purposes. Programming was not considered to be a mainstream requirement and the only way to communicate with these machines was through machine language using binary numbers. Machines languages were cumbersome to use and historically considered the â€Å"first generation† of languages. The â€Å"second generation† followed soon based on the need for relatively easier to remember coding instructions. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Programming or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The assembler languages fall into this category. â€Å"Assemblers† converted these assembly language instructions to machine code instructions and had almost a one-to-one correspondence with each other with the only difference being that programmers did not have to code directly in the binary language and could use mnemonics for simple binary constructs. Both assembler and machine languages were computer specific and not portable. A leap in programming language development came in the 1950’s with the design of â€Å"third generation† or â€Å"high level† languages, which were a level of abstraction above the previous two categories. This meant that the programming instructions were independent of the underlying hardware and the same program could be used on different machines if the compiler for that language existed. The introduction of FORTRAN in 1957 is considered a land mark in programming history by being the first o f third generation languages. Unlike assemblers, FORTRAN and other languages that followed it included the ability to include algorithms and easier to understand for human users. Later on, languages were developed, sometimes called the â€Å"fourth generation† languages, which were non procedural and use specific (Shelly & Vermaat, 2010: p: 444).