Science and Technology Education for young child Assignment

Science and Technology Education for young child - Assignment Example From a constructivism point of view, it has been discussed that humans acquire understanding through collaborations not just in ideas but also with experiences. This view point is combined with Bloom’s taxonomy of learning which was published during the 1950s which was way outdated compared to technology that is being used in lately in academes. This theory is composed of three domains; 1) cognitive or knowledge, 2) affective or attitude, and 3) psychomotor or skills (Anderson, et al, 2011). This type of teaching has 3 major objectives. The first of which is increasing the involvement of students. Multiple ways of knowing constitute the 2nd major objective while the 3rd aim of inquiry-based teaching is sequential phase of cognition. The inquiry-based teaching is actually a form of inviting students to an active way of learning instead of just being pacified with information (Franklin). Science and technology is not an easy subject to explain in early childhood education. Teachers should be able to get the grasp first of what is need to be taught before actually structuring it to the most basic as it can get for these children to understand. The educators would be faced in a challenge in explaining a sometimes complex subject to children who have so many questions based on what have been observed or explained at their own households. Letting a child to experiment and explore things would be a better way of teaching children of this age bracket the concepts without them having doubts on the educator’s credibility. This is done by observing. As it has been prior known that children tends more to believe what have been seen, if a certain thing or scientific event has been observed by the child, it would be more believable onto them what is being explained by teachers. Though questions may still arise, there is a visible proof that the children can see and get the grasp of the concept which is being taught (Harland & Rivkin, 2004). The

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay Example for Free

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay When a polyatomic ligand with multiple lone pairs of electrons available for bonding to a central metal ion forms a complex with a metal ion, a process known as chelation takes place. Metal ion impurities can be found by using disodium salt of EDTA to determine the concentration of M2+ by complexometric or chelometric titration. Erichrome Black T makes it easy to see when the EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. When the metal cation is still present in the water, the solution will be a complex with a pink tint. Once enough EDTA has been added to the M2+ solution the metal ions complex to the EDTA leaving the indicator solvated causing a color change from pink to blue. Once the color has changed to blue, the titration has reached an end point and the M2+ metal ion impurities in hard water can be calculated. Procedure: Prepare 500 mL of 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution by dissolving 0.7-0.8g of Na2EDTA in 500 mL deionized water. Standardize the solution by using a 10 mL transfer pipet to add 10 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and mixing it with 30 mL of deionized water. Add 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10) to ensure that the calcium ions remain in the solution for accurate results. Add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution so that a color change can be visible during titration. Once the solution is prepared, titrate it with the disodium EDTA solution. Add the solution quickly at first and once the color changes from pink to violet slow down the titration until the color changes from violet to blue. Then record the results. Part 2 Unknown After receiving an unknown prepared water sample record the unknown in your lab notebook (unknown #76). After the unknown has been recorded, transfer 25 mL of the sample into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask with 20 mL of DI water. As in part one, add 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) to the solution along with four drops of Erichrome Black T indicator. Once the solution has been made, titrate the solution with the standardized disodium EDTA solution and calculate the hardness of the prepared water sample from the titration. Compare the results to the expected range for municipal water hardness on your city’s water quality lab website. Data: | Test 1: Standardization of EDTA Mass of CaCO3: 0.01 g Moles of CaCO3: 9.910^-5 Molarity of the 250 mL standard Ca2+: 3.9610^-4 M Column1| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Volume of Ca2 Titrated (mL)| 10| 10| 10| Moles Ca2+ Titrated | 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| Moles EDTA| 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| Initial Buret reading (mL)| 1| 1| 1| Final buret reading (mL)| 26.3| 26.5| 27| Volume of EDTA (mL)| 25.3| 25.5| 26| Molarity of EDTA (M)| 0.0039| 0.0039| 0.0038| Average Molarity of EDTA| | 0.0039 M| | Test 2: Unknown Determination Sample #76 Column1| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Volume of Water Sample Used (mL)| 25| 25| 25| Initial buret reading (mL)| 1| 1| 1| Final buret reading (mL)| 14.8| 15| 14.9| Volume of EDTA used (mL)| 13.8| 14| 13.9| Moles EDTA| 5.3810^-5| 5.4610^-5| 5.4210^-5| Moles Ca2+ in sample| 5.3810^-5| 5.3810^-5| 5.3810^-5| Moles Ca2+ per liter| 5.3810^-4| 5.3810^-4| 5.3810^-4| Grams CaCO3 per liter| 0.054| 0.055| 0.055| Water hardness| 29.73| 30.61| 30.17| Average water hardness (ppm CaCO3)| | 30.17| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Calculations: Test 1: Calculate Mass of CaCO3 used in the reaction: 10 mL Ca2x 1L/1000mLx 1g/1L= 0.01 g CaCO3 Calculate Moles of CaCO3 0.01 g CaCO3x 1mole CaCO3/100.1 g CaCO3= 9.910^-5 moles CaCO3 Molarity of 250 mL of standard Ca2+ solution 9.910^-5 moles CaCO3/0.250 L= 3.9610^-4 M Ca2+ Moles Moles of EDTA Moles of EDTA=Moles CaCO3, 1 to 1 ratio. Molarity of EDTA Trial 1 (10 mL CaCO3 sol/25.6 mL EDTA @ end point)x (1L CaCO3 Sol/1000mL CaCO3 sol)x(1 g CaCO3/1 L sol)x(1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3)x(1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x(1000 mL EDTA sol/1 L EDTA sol) = 0.0039 M Trial 2 (10 mL CaCO3 sol/25.5 mL EDTA @ end point)x (1L CaCO3 Sol/1000mL CaCO3 sol)x(1 g CaCO3/1 L sol)x(1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3)x(1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x(1000 mL EDTA sol/1 L EDTA sol) =0.0039 M Trial 3 (10 mL CaCO3 sol/26 mL EDTA @ end point)x (1L CaCO3 Sol/1000mL CaCO3 sol)x(1 g CaCO3/1 L sol)x(1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3)x(1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x(1000 mL EDTA sol/1 L EDTA sol) =0.0038 M Average Molarity (0.0039 M+0.0039 M+0.0039 M)/3=0.0039 M Test 2: Calculate moles of EDTA Trial 1 0.0138 L EDTA(3.910^-3 moles EDTA)= 5.8310^-5 Moles EDTA Trial 2 0.014 L EDTA(3.910^-3 moles EDTA)= 5.4610^-5 Moles EDTA Trial 3 0.0139 L EDTA(3.910^-3 moles EDTA)= 5.4210^-5 Moles EDTA Moles Ca2+ Moles of Ca2+ equals moles of EDTA Moles of CA2+ per liter Moles Ca2+ x 10 to get Moles per leter Trial 1 5.8310^-5 Moles EDTA(10)= 5.3810^-4 Moles Ca2+ per Liter Trial 2 5.4610^-5 Moles EDTA(10)= 5.4610^-4 Moles Ca2+ per Liter Trial 3 5.4210^-5 Moles EDTA(10)= 5.4210^-4 Moles Ca2+ per Liter Grams CaCO3 per liter Calculate by multiplying moles of Ca2+ by grams per mole of Ca2+ Trial 1 (5.3810^-4 Moles Ca2+/ 1L)(101.1g/1mole)= 0.054g/L CaCO3 Trial 2 (5.4610^-4 Moles Ca2+ /1L) (101.1g/1mole)= 0.055g/L CaCO3 Trial 3 (5.4210^-4 Moles Ca2+ /1L) (101.1g/1mole)= 0.055g/L CaCO3 Water Hardness Trial 1 (13.8 mL EDTA/25 mL sample)(1 L EDTA sol/1000 mL EDTA)(5.3810^-4 mol EDTA/1L EDTA)(1 mol CaCO3/1 mol EDTA)(100.1g CaCO3/1 mol CaCO3)(1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3)(1000mL Sample sol/1L sample sol)= 29.73 ppm CaCO3 Trial 2 (14 mL EDTA/25 mL sample)(1 L EDTA sol/1000 mL EDTA)(5.4610^-4 mol EDTA/1L EDTA)(1 mol CaCO3/1 mol EDTA)(100.1g CaCO3/1 mol CaCO3)(1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3)(1000mL Sample sol/1L sample sol)= 30.61 ppm CaCO3 Trial 3 (13.9 mL EDTA/25 mL sample)(1 L EDTA sol/1000 mL EDTA)(5.4210^-4 mol EDTA/1L EDTA)(1 mol CaCO3/1 mol EDTA)(100.1g CaCO3/1 mol CaCO3)(1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3)(1000mL Sample sol/1L sample sol)= 30.17 ppm CaCO3 Average water hardness (29.73+30.61+30.17)/3= 30.17 ppm CaCO3 Conclusion: The water hardness of a known and unknown sample solution has been determined by means of titration with disodium salt of EDTA to calculate the concentration of M2+ metal ion impurities in hard water in a process known as chelation. After running tests and calculating the water hardness in an unknown sample it was found that there was 30.17 ppm CaCO3 in the sample.

More Than Human, Angel Divine :: Personal Narrative Art Traveling Essays

More Than Human, Angel Divine "The purpose of art is not a rarified, intellectual distillate--it is life, intensified, brilliant life." --Alain Arias-Misson "I am a poor man and of little worth, who is laboring in that art that God has given me in order to extend my life as long as possible." --Michelangelo Buonarroti I have been very fortunate in the past few years in that I have been able to travel abroad. I have been intrigued by Mona Lisa's smile in Paris, witnessed the most artistic doodles imaginable in the Book of Kells in Dublin, and paid homage to the great souls entombed in Westminster Abbey in London. For me, some form of art seems to be packed in to every nook and cranny of European cities. But the greatest art that I have been fortunate enough to witness firsthand has been in Vatican City. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel encompassed all that I could imagine art to be; breathtaking, imaginative, stirring, poignant, and heartbreaking. In essence, everything life itself can be. I had been in Italy for almost two weeks by the time I was able to visit Saint Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel. I had spent a week in Tuscany, visiting places like Florence and Sienna, before heading to Rome. I managed to see some of the most beautiful art in the world without ever stepping into a museum. Instead, I headed into churches and piazzas and set eyes on masterpieces by the famous Italian artists whose names would be resurrected hundreds of years later as cartoon ninja fighting turtles: Donatello, Leonardo, Raphael, and my favorite, Michelangelo. I saw Michelangelo's David in Florence, a mass of marble beauty, ready to strike down the giant Goliath and a sign of hope and determination for the people of the city.

Aquinas and Dante: Perfecting Human Reason

Julia Caldwell Professor Albrecht Development of Western Civilization 2, February, 2013 Aquinas and Dante: Perfecting Human Reason Aquinas and Dante: Perfecting Human Reason Despite the fact that Dante’s reader doesn’t encounter St. Thomas Aquinas within the Comedia until Paradise, the beliefs and teachings of Aquinas are woven throughout the entirety of the famous poem. St. Thomas Aquinas’s cosmology and theology are used as the foundation for Dante’s Comedia, and for this reason it is no surprise that the experiences of the Pilgrim symbolically reflect many of Aquinas’s teachings.The Pilgrim’s experiences on his journey through the afterlife reflect what Aquinas called the, â€Å"two-fold truth concerning the divine being, one to which the inquiry of reason can reach, the other which surpasses the whole ability of human reason† (Summa Contra Gentiles, Handout I, 4). Dante also illustrates Aquinas’s conclusion that man’s reason tends toward the source of ultimate true while mans will tends toward the ultimate good. The reader is able to see how Dante’s will and reason search for, and ultimately attain, fulfillment in the vision of the Divine Essence.Both Aquinas and Dante emphasize the necessary union between human reason and divine faith as a means of attaining this fulfillment. As the instiller of these inclinations, only God Himself can satisfy them. Aquinas demonstrates this idea through his explanation of the natural and the divine law as they pertain to the Eternal law. Dante demonstrates this idea through the Pilgrim’s interactions with his guides and the culmination of his ascension in Paradise. Just as with body and soul, matter and form, there is a harmonious relationship between reason and faith; yet the agents within these partnerships are not equal.Both Dante and Aquinas acknowledge that human reason can assist the individual in understanding God and coinciding oneâ€℠¢s will with His will, but they both conclude that this secular-based reasoning is subjugated by and therefore must be perfected by theology. In Dante’s Virgil the reader finds human reason personified. Being the shade of a renowned and wise philosopher, Virgil is a perfect candidate to guide the Pilgrim through hell and purgatory. In his own lifetime Virgil lived as a pious man and therefore attained the imperfect Earthly happiness that can be acquired through natural powers.However, as Aquinas states, â€Å"every knowledge that is according to the mode of created substance, falls short of the vision of the Divine Essence,† therefore Virgil is unable to reach fulfillment since he cannot ascend to Paradise (Summa Theologiae, Handout II, 12). Instead, like many of his pagan contemporaries, Virgil is doomed to spend eternity in the underworld’s Limbo. He will forever yearn to know the ultimate happiness and the ultimate truth that are only found in God. As Virgil puts it himself, â€Å"In this alone we suffer: cut off from hope, we live in desire† (Inferno, 20).Dante provides Virgil as a means of illustrating the incompleteness of human reason, whereby observing Aquinas’s warning. When describing the home of philosophers within Limbo Dante writes, â€Å"we reached a place spread out and luminous† (Inferno 22). It is fitting that this realm be characterized by light because as Aquinas states, â€Å"[natural reason] is nothing else than an imprint on us of the Divine light† (Summa Theologiae, Handout II, 13). The knowledge possessed by the philosophers comes from God Himself, or the Eternal Law.Having never embraced the faith of God through the implementation of the theological virtues, however, Virgil is an imperfect soul. Much like Virgil, human reason is guided by the light of the Eternal Law, but is unperfected without the divine law. It is this very imperfection of Virgil’s nature that makes him the perf ect guide for the initial stages of Dante’s journey. In Virgil Dante finds a guide capable of explaining and illuminating the conceptual and rational worlds of Hell and Purgatory, but also in Virgil Dante is able to see the limits of human reason without the theological virtues.With Virgil as his guide, the Pilgrim is â€Å"guided by the light of natural reason† (Summa Contra Gentiles, Handout I, 2). Along his journey, however, Virgil comes to realize that his wise guide is not all-powerful. When the pair arrives at the gates of Dis in Canto 8, the Furies slam the gates of the city shut despite Virgil’s pleas. It is only when a holy messenger from Paradise arrives that the Furies surrender to God’s will and allow Dante and Virgil to enter. Taking this event metaphorically, reason is unable to go on further without grace. As the pair travel within the realm of Purgatory it becomes clear that Dante’s uestions are becoming more of a challenge for Virg il. When Virgil is trying to explain why his shade casts no shadow, his reasoning can only goes as far as to say that his condition is, â€Å"willed by that Power which wills its secret not to be revealed† (Purgatory 207). Dante goes on to describe Virgil’s countenance as having â€Å"anguished thoughts† (Purgatory 207). Virgil’s struggle to explain the dynamics of the afterlife as the pair comes closer to Paradise reflects Aquinas’s conclusion that â€Å"[the] human intellect is not able to reach a comprehension of the divine substance through its natural power† (Summa Contra Gentiles, Handout I, 3).Furthermore this instance exemplifies Aquinas’s conclusion that human reason is able to recognize effects but is unable to explain the Ultimate Cause of these effects without faith (Summa Contra Gentiles, Handout I, 9). Virgil can see that he has no shadow, but he cannot explain the source of the original cause. Since Virgil never believe d in the faith of the divine mysteries while he was still on Earth, his intellect is unable to grasp an understanding of God’s will. In conclusion, because Virgil doesn’t use faith to perfect his reason, his own will can never be aligned with the will of his Creator.Virgil specifically alludes to the fault in his faith when he distinguishes between pagan and Christian prayer. He admits that his own prayers, along with the prayers of all pagans, â€Å"had no access to God† (Purgatory, 225). Unlike pagan prayers, which according to Virgil in the Aeneid are powerless in a universe predestined by the Fates, Christian prayers are an embodiment of human participation with the true divine. By taking part in prayer, the individual takes part in the theological virtues that â€Å"are infused by God alone† and â€Å"direct us aright to God† (Summa Theologiae, Handout II, 11).It is only through the participation in these theological virtues that an individual can be guided toward God Himself. These virtues are the perfecting agents by which the human will and intellect are pushed toward their â€Å"last act† (Summa Theologiae, Handout II, 8). This last act is the attainment of happiness in the vision of the Divine Essence. Rather than try to explain concepts beyond what his reason can grapple with, Virgil asks his pupil to wait for Beatrice to answer his questions on this subject: â€Å"Do not try to resolve so deep a doubt; wait until she shall make it clearer—she, he light between truth and intelligence† (Purgatory 225). In this statement Virgil admits that Beatrice, as â€Å"the light†, is more capable of illuminating matters of the divine than the poet. Once the pair reaches the top of mount Purgatory, Virgil tells his young friend, â€Å"you’ve reached the place where my discernment now has reached its end† (Purgatory 351). Virgil has taken the Pilgrim as far as reason can dictate; now Dant e requires a guide of theological proportions to guide him in a realm where reason is blinded.When Dante reaches the top of Mount Purgatory, he has been cleansed of every perversion of the will. The feelings of admiration he felt for Virgil have been replaced by the intense love he feels for his new guide, Beatrice. He now desires conceptual knowledge less and instead begins to explore understanding through his senses. This tradeoff is necessary in this new realm where observations may not be fitting to human concepts. This necessity is made clear when Beatrice beings to explain to Dante the divinely ordained distribution of power amongst the stars (Paradise Canto I).Before she lays out the complicated plan she warns Dante, â€Å"even when the senses guide, reason’s wingspan can sometimes be short† (Paradise 399). This is a reminder to Dante that his experiences in Paradise will not be as easily digested and picked apart as his experiences in Hell and Purgatory. In the former realms, human reason could essentially provide explanations without needing the aid of theology. This is also a cue to Dante’s readers that they are not mentally capable of understanding the phenomena he is about to experience, so they must rely on faith.In a larger context, humanity must rely on its faith in God to have any earthly understanding of what heaven is. Donning red, white, and green, Beatrice symbolically represents the theological virtues, including faith. Dante initially relies on the eyes of Beatrice to reflect the heavenly bodies, since the brightness of Paradise overwhelms his eyes (Paradise 393). This can be metaphorically applied to the idea that humans must rely on the assistance of God, through belief and participation in the theological virtues, to begin to understand God’s mysteries.In the same way Dante initially owes his sight of Paradise to the eyes of Beatrice, humanity owes perfection of its reason to the theological virtues. As Aqui nas chimes, â€Å"the theological virtues direct man to supernatural happiness† (Summa Theologiae, Handout II, 11). Through keeping faith in the mysteries while on Earth, a soul will be ready to behold them in the afterlife. In this way, both Dante and Aquinas emphasize how important it is for Christians to believe in the mysteries of the divine even when they transcend human reason.Even having beheld the beauty of the Divine himself, Dante is unable to relate the experience in words to his readers. Though he has seen the mysteries of God with his own eyes, the Divine Essence’s unparalleled nature transcends human explanation and human understanding. In this way Dante illustrates Aquinas’s conclusion that while on Earth we must rely on what we believe not what we actually see and understand. Aquinas says, â€Å"although human reason cannot grasp fully the truths that are yet above it†¦if it somehow holds these truths by faith, it acquires great perfection for itself† (Summa Contra Gentiles, Handout I, 6).In this way Aquinas clarifies the relationship between faith and reason. Without faith, reason remains unperfected and vulnerable to falsehoods. With faith, however, reason aligns itself with truth and thus aligns itself with the will of God. Individuals who perfect reason with faith are guided along the path towards salvation, just as Dante experiences. Following this path, one is able to arrive at the end toward which all humanity tends, prepared and deserving of the vision of the Divine Essence. It is only at this moment that the individual achieves the desires of both reason and will: truth and happiness.

Comparison of Theoretical Orientation Essay

Comparison of Theoretical Orientation The two theories that I am choosing to compare and contrast in the situation given, is Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and William Glasser’sreality theory. William Glasser, M. D. , is the developer of Reality Therapy and Choice Therapy. Glasserdeveloped a cause and effect theory that explains human behavior. He focuses on personal choice, personal responsibility and personal transformation. William Glasser has an approach on his theory that is very nontraditional. He does not believe that somebody can have a mental illness unless there is something organically wrong with the brain. He also believes that if somebody is considered to have a mental illness it needs to be confirmed by apathologist. William Glasser also believes that genetically we are social creatures and need each other. That may very well be the cause of almost all psychological symptoms which is our inability to get along with the important and meaningful people in our lives. Sigmund Freud developed a theory to explain psychoanalytic and psychotherapist and much of his work comes from self-analysis. Sigmund Freud’s work suggests that early experiences in one’s life can shape and develop the way we behave as adults. Freud identified five stages within the first five years of life and he believes that our behavior patterns consist of three main elements which are the ID-this is the basic instincts present at birth, also known as the pleasure principle. The Ego-realistic acts within the mind and reality, this is also considered that the fence principal. The Super-Ego-this is the sense of conscious, our duty and responsibility, this is also known as the moral principle. Freud believed that when conflicts arose between these three parts it was those experiences from birth and early childhood that had the most impact on us as we became adults. Even though Freud never studied children and it’s fair to say some people have doubt about his theories, Freud developed his theories based on clinical experience with his patients and they were usually all women. Knowing that Freud’s work was based on an assumption that personality is shaped and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces can make it easy for one to misunderstand or misinterpret Freud’s theory.

Communication Climates Essay Example

Communication Climates Essay Example Communication Climates Essay Communication Climates Essay Communication Climates Every relationship has a different way of interpreting its story depending on who’s talking about it. I have been able to observe one of my good friend’s relationships with her boyfriend over the past two years and was able to see many of their problems in relation to the communication climate that is created by one or the other. Most of the observations I noticed was negative. My friend â€Å"Joan† was always on defense and demanding of her boyfriend. Relay negative feedback no matter what he did rather badly or good. When I noticed that she was able to make every comment towards him mean even when she â€Å"just playing†. She interrupts when he’s talking mostly because she doesn’t want him to talk at all. When her boyfriend asks her questions she uses ambiguous response like she’s irritated by him asking and just wants to avoid answering. I had talked with her privately about it and suggested for her to improve her behavior by being more positive and giving him positive reinforcement and that maybe he will comply more with less aggravation. It was something she was able to do and I see a great improvement. Then I was reading about the communication climate and the different levels of responses. Now I have seen that the open public display of put downs was connected to a deeper problem in their communication. I spend a lot of time with this particular couple and get to see them have many conversations and though she has restraint form the negative words she’s not aware of the communication climate control that is disrupting their relationship. Joan is more of the dominate partner and controller of the relationship and has more influence on how they handle their problems. All the different ways of displaying disconfirming messages explained in the text book is all the ways she communicates with her boyfriend. I am almost shocked that I have seen every example in one couple. Of course in response to Joan’s way of communication her boyfriend has resulted to having disagreeing messages when he’s responding to her. He is very argumentative and complaining. I believe that if I was able to counsel my friends on this one subject of communication there would be a great improvement on their relationship. Joan would have to take responsibility of her poor role in the communication process and her boyfriend would have to learn how to be less of a push over. Recognition, acknowledgement, and endorsement used in proper response to the situations that presents themselves in their relationship can help them not argue so much over such little and manageable things.

Free Essays on Worship Old And New

Worship Old and New Many have spent most of their lives trying to figure out why a God with so much power could waste so much time watching and protecting a species that he created but who have denounced him as Lord and Savior. I have been learning a lot this past semester about my faith and who God is. And I too have wonder why or even how a God like Yahweh, could love some one like me or the rest of the world for that fact. We are sinners and are not worthy to worship or be loved by him, but he still wants us to and he still guards us. Throughout history it seems, as I have stated before, that we are looking to understand why we are here and how God would let us continue to denounce him, but it was interesting to read that some believe that biblical worship is set around a couple of points; it was God who made the first initial step to bring salvation to his fallen creatures and it is the response of the people towards this wondrous God. Still these two points technically do not explain why God would take that â€Å"initiative† step? I understand that it was God who created the world with just word of mouth and it was God who â€Å"breathed the breath of life† into our nostrils†¦but why? The book makes it clear that we were created to worship God, but that seems superfluous to me, why take all that time to create something when you know how it will turn out? I know it probably wrong for me to say that but, that is how my human side sees the picture. On the other hand, my Christians side can jus t caught a glimpse of why and understand, but I suppose that is what we would call â€Å"faith†. It is through this â€Å"faith† that our ancient Christians or simple believers held the LORDS commands in highest standards. By commandments I mean, the sacrificing of the lambs or oxen, etc., the Passover rituals and so forth. Reading this part of the book â€Å"Worship Old and New†, I have come to understand that God of course knew what h... Free Essays on Worship Old And New Free Essays on Worship Old And New Worship Old and New Many have spent most of their lives trying to figure out why a God with so much power could waste so much time watching and protecting a species that he created but who have denounced him as Lord and Savior. I have been learning a lot this past semester about my faith and who God is. And I too have wonder why or even how a God like Yahweh, could love some one like me or the rest of the world for that fact. We are sinners and are not worthy to worship or be loved by him, but he still wants us to and he still guards us. Throughout history it seems, as I have stated before, that we are looking to understand why we are here and how God would let us continue to denounce him, but it was interesting to read that some believe that biblical worship is set around a couple of points; it was God who made the first initial step to bring salvation to his fallen creatures and it is the response of the people towards this wondrous God. Still these two points technically do not explain why God would take that â€Å"initiative† step? I understand that it was God who created the world with just word of mouth and it was God who â€Å"breathed the breath of life† into our nostrils†¦but why? The book makes it clear that we were created to worship God, but that seems superfluous to me, why take all that time to create something when you know how it will turn out? I know it probably wrong for me to say that but, that is how my human side sees the picture. On the other hand, my Christians side can jus t caught a glimpse of why and understand, but I suppose that is what we would call â€Å"faith†. It is through this â€Å"faith† that our ancient Christians or simple believers held the LORDS commands in highest standards. By commandments I mean, the sacrificing of the lambs or oxen, etc., the Passover rituals and so forth. Reading this part of the book â€Å"Worship Old and New†, I have come to understand that God of course knew what h...

Earths Elliptical Path Around the Sun

Earth's Elliptical Path Around the Sun Earths motion around the Sun was a mystery for many centuries as very early sky watchers attempted to understand what was actually moving: the Sun across the sky or Earth around the Sun. The Sun-centered solar system idea was deduced thousands of years ago by the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos. It wasnt proved until Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed his Sun-centered theories in the 1500s, and showed how planets could orbit the Sun. Earth orbits the Sun  in a slightly flattened circle called an ellipse. In geometry, the ellipse is a curve that loops around two points called foci. The distance from the center to the longest ends of the ellipse is called the semi-major axis, while the distance to the flattened sides of the ellipse is called the semi-minor axis. The Sun is at one focus of each planets ellipse, which means that the distance between the Sun and each planet varies throughout the year.   Earths Orbital Characteristics When Earth is closest to the Sun in its orbit, it is at perihelion. That distance is 147,166,462 kilometers, and Earth gets there each January 3. Then, on July 4 of each  year, Earth is as far from the Sun as it ever gets, at a distance of 152,171,522 kilometers. That point is called aphelion. Every world (including comets and asteroids) in the solar system that primarily orbits the Sun has a perihelion point and an aphelion. Notice that for Earth, the closest point is during northern hemisphere winter, while the most distant point is northern hemisphere summer. Although theres a small increase in solar heating that our planet gets during its orbit, it doesnt necessarily correlate with the perihelion and aphelion. The reasons for the seasons are more due to our planets orbital tilt throughout the year. In short, each part of the planet tilted toward the Sun during the yearly orbit will get heated more during that time. As it tilts away, the heating amount is less. That helps contribute to the change of seasons more than Earths place in its orbit. Useful Aspects of Earths Orbit for Astronomers Earths orbit around the Sun is a benchmark for distance. Astronomers take the average distance between Earth and the Sun (149,597,691 kilometers) and use it as a standard distance called the astronomical unit (or AU for short). They then use this as shorthand for larger distances in the solar system. For example, Mars is 1.524 astronomical units. That means its just over one-and-a-half times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Jupiter is 5.2 AU, while Pluto is a whopping 39.,5 AU.   The Moons Orbit The Moons orbit is also elliptical. It moves around Earth once every 27 days, and due to tidal locking, always shows the same face to us here on Earth. The Moon doesnt actually orbit Earth; they actually orbit a common center of gravity called a barycenter. The complexity of the Earth-Moon orbit, and their orbit around the Sun results in the apparent changing shape of the Moon as seen from Earth. These changes, called phases of the Moon,  go through a cycle every 30 days. Interestingly, the Moon is slowly moving away from Earth. Eventually, it will be so far away that such events as total solar eclipses will no longer occur. The Moon will still occult the Sun, but it wont appear to block the entire Sun as it does now during a total solar eclipse. Other Planets Orbits The other worlds of the solar system that orbit the Sun have different length years due to their distances. Mercury, for example, has an orbit just 88 Earth-days long. Venuss is 225 Earth-days, while Marss is 687 Earth days. Jupiter takes 11.86 Earth years to orbit the Sun, while Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto take 28.45, 84, 164.8, and 248 years, respectively. These lengthy orbits reflect one of Johannes Keplers laws of planetary orbits, which says that the period of time it takes to orbit the Sun is proportional to its distance (its semi-major axis). The other laws he devised describe the shape of the orbit and the time each planet takes to traverse each part of its path around the Sun. Edited and expanded by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

WHAT MATTERS IN AMERICA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

WHAT MATTERS IN AMERICA - Research Paper Example In this chapter, Goshgarian talks about the impacts of social networking sites on people’s lifestyles. Several social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and other social sites are currently available in the internet, and they provide an effective means through which people virtually interact with each other. The impact of internet on the social life has been a controversial debate in the American society. Many people have contradicting opinions on its effect on the contemporary American society and culture. A review of studies indicated that social networking sites have less impacts on the social life than many people usually believe. Internet is the latest means of interpersonal communication system following telegraphs and telephones. Other researches also indicate that social networking sites have also changed the patterns of life; however, the patterns of social life still remain the same despite of these internet-induced changes (Goshgarian 68). Social networking sites are speculated to have positive impacts on people’s everyday lives, since it improves the quality and frequency of interpersonal communications among different people. Through virtual connections, people easily access their colleagues leading to engagements and happiness in society and families (Goshgarian 27). According to Goshgarian, electronic communication result in weaker social ties, since many people lack adequate time to physically visit and interact with their friends. He writes that â€Å"More and More, people build their social network around their colleagues instead of their neighbors and families† (Goshgarian 331). The internet also allows many people to work from their homes, and this gives them less time to physically interact with other people. In addition, the internet also enables people to virtually interact more easily than through other means of communication, have romantic affairs, access their bank accounts and

Scholastic Methods in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Scholastic Methods in Education - Essay Example The scholastic environment, including factors like a supportive school atmosphere and the classroom context as well as language barriers, was determined to be directly related to teacher satisfaction (Lam, 2006; Bai, 1995). As our understanding of how children learn has grown, the many ways we teach children has also improved. The scholastic environment is intended to act as a cushion and protects the psychological well-being of children as they develop (Lam, 2006). Research has indicated that a teacher’s effect on their students is often the result of the students’ psychological responses to the teacher’s behavior (Wei, Brok & Zhou, 2009). Studies have shown that children can begin learning from birth and as they age and grow, their ability to learn new ideas and concepts also grows (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). The reputation of a school and its influence on the life of the community invariably depend on the kind of teachers working in it. Of many dimensions , the following facets for measuring Teacher Job Satisfaction include: professionalism, teacher learning, innovation, and interpersonal relations (Suryanarayana and Luciana, 2010) Professionalism relates to job security and social prestige, molding young minds, appreciation from others, and the ability to help students resolve their problems (Suryanarayana and Luciana, 2010). ...  Inter-personal relations are associated with relationships with colleagues, parents, students, higher authorities or any personnel relative to school (Suryanarayana and Luciana, 2010). Despite the establishment of these criterions, measuring the teacher’s level of job satisfaction remains a difficult task (Suryanarayana and Luciana, 2010). It is estimated that 157,000 teachers exit the field every year and an additional 232,000 others change schools in pursuit of better working conditions found in prestigious, higher-performing schools (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2008). Combined, this repre sents approximately 12% of the teaching workforce, excluding the teachers that leave due to retirement (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2008). The exit of teachers from the profession and the movement of teachers away from low-performing schools are costly phenomena in regards to the loss students in the value of being taught by an experienced teacher, schools and districts must recruit and train their replacements, and the overall costs financial of teacher attrition (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2008). Fiduciary repercussions can vary widely by district and may include signing bonuses, subject matter stipends, and other recruiting costs specific to the educational forum, totaling an estimated $7.34 billion to hire, recruit, and train the replacement teachers (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2008).

Intermed Statistics for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermed Statistics for Business - Essay Example The results of the analysis were used in analyzing if strategy and planning are important in undertaking business. Analysis In the process of analysing the 73 small sized companies, we made use of the criteria of business planning. The 73 companies were divided into three different distinct groups and data analyzed from this point of view. For instance, categorized under Index 1, were companies which had plans of up to 15 years while index 2 were for companies which had short terms plans of 1 year and below and finally index 3 categorized companies which had no plans at all (Hays, 2007). The analysis report is outlined below: Revenue Revenue of the 73 small companies was measured with the main comparison being the average revenue growth for a period of five years. Index 1: From the analysis of revenues of companies which had short-term strategic plans, the average revenues of 11 companies out of 73 under this category stood at 78.64%. Index 2: From the analysis of revenues of compani es which had short-term strategic plans, the average revenues of 27 companies out of 73 under this category stood at 22.74%. Index 3: From the analysis of revenues of companies which had no strategic plans, the average revenues of 35 companies out of 73 under this category stood at 37.29%. ... Analysis of the income is analyzed below: Index 1: Companies categorized here had an average income growth of 42.73% in the past five years. Index 2: Companies which had short terms plans on the other hand recorded a 27.07% increase in income over the last five years. Index 3: Companies which had no plans at all on the other hand recorded a 19.4% increase in income in the last five years. The analysis of income shows that the mean income of all the 73 companies stood at around 25.76% growth in the last five years (Hays, 2007). Therefore, we can conclude that companies with short and long term plans performed beyond the expected growth rate as shown by figure 2 in the appendix. Book The book value is used to show the average book value growth over a period of five years as analyzed below: Index 1: Average growth for companies falling under this category stood at around 69.18%. Index 2: The percentage growth rate for companies in this category stood at 41.41% over a five year period. I ndex 3: The growth rate of companies in this category stood at 11.11% over a period of five years. The analysis of the book value growth show that companies with long term plans had the capability to tremendously growth their book balances over a long term. This is compared to companies with short terms plans who posted impressive results by surpassing the mean growth rate of 31.07%. Companies with no plans had a low book value growth rate compared to other companies (Healey, 2011). This is exhibited by figure 3 in the appendix. Comp This variable was used to measure the average cash compensation awarded to CEO for the 73 companies over the period of the last five years. The analysis of compensation

The effect of stress on personnel and organization behaviour Essay

The effect of stress on personnel and organization behaviour - Essay Example 81) on job exhaustion, physical wellbeing issues, and performance setbacks. In a recent study, the workers who felt exhausted were put into three groups of managers - (1) best, (2) moderate, (3) worst - employees with the ‘worst’ managers felt exhausted and were more expected to have sleep disorders as a result of job uncertainties. In addition, workers with the worst managers were 60 percent more liable to have colleagues who were thinking about leaving the company. Job-related stress was directly linked with exhaustion, physical and mental fitness issues, as well as performance problems, for instance, absence, increase in employee turnover, poor value, mishaps, and blunders. At the moment, major apprehension of employees was looking for a technique to create stability in professional and personal life responsibilities. In view of the fact that flexibility is an extremely vital apprehension for workers, having slight flexibility in the career will be an important basis of stress. â€Å"The additionally practical as well as unyielding a business is regarding taking time off, finding out professional agendas, and so forth, the higher the stress level of its workforce† (Maslach and Leiter, 1997, p. 87). When employees are stressed as a result of work surplus or time constraints, they are more liable to disregard security practices or overlook the utilization of appropriate security mechanism, considering â€Å"they do not have time for either† (Gee and Gee, 2011, p. 99). Since stress neglects an individual’s capability to think, without a doubt, the worried workers are more expected to operate without paying attention to the possible outcomes of hazardous practices. A worker, who is tensed due to excess of work, is likely to rush and attempt to go as rapidly as feasible with a task. This raises the possibilities of blunders, mishandling objects, and taking no notice of safety warnings that could avoid

Intruding Ima and Falsified Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intruding Ima and Falsified Report - Case Study Example Police force is very crucial in any democratic system for maintaining law and order. As such they should have high ethical standards. Police officers are charged with the responsibility of promoting the rights of citizens but at the same time restricting the right of people who are a threat to the general good of the society. In their routine, they are sometimes compelled to appeal to force when a situation calls for it. Deliberate brutal treatment of offenders on the part of the officers is however a crime. To keep the trust of the public, misconducts on the parts of police should be dealt with in an acceptable way. Any officer given the duty to serve the public should take an oath of office and adhere to the set a code of ethics. Most people understand the importance of the police force in law enforcement and their role in maintaining order. As such they are very willing to cooperate with the police in order to live in a safe environment (Peak, 2001). Misconducts from police office rs weaken the relationship between the police and the people making them loose trust on the force. In this paper, the case study of Intruding Ima and falsified report and how such cases of misconduct and insubordination can be treated by the police administration and a justification of the method used is brought to the fore. Summary of the case study The case study given in this book is about Officer Ima Goodenough who has been an employee in the force for eight years. She is an officer in charge of patron and at times serves as field training officer. She has demonstrated great capability and is experienced in detective division and patrol. She labels herself as being an â€Å"old school† and only associated with colleagues who share her sentiments while turning away from other officers with contrasting views. When called for service, she takes them singlehandedly without asking for back up or cover units. She has shown consistent rough treatment in her contact the public wi th about six cases of brutality complaint launched against her within the last three years. According to her, people who ask for backup are â€Å"wimps†. Recently, she was engaged in two-high speed pursuit when her car was seriously smashed when she tried to go after the suspects off the road. She only reports to her supervisor about major cases. New supervisors have reported having major problem with her as she shows no respect for their authority. According to her, the administration is just there to mess up people. Being her shift commander I am fed up with her unchanging negative attitude and dissatisfactory performance and I am considering taking disciplinary moves. I have been made to understand that she is very tough making some of her current and past and current supervisors dread her. She has shown cases of intrusion and giving falsified reports on several occasions. In one instance, when she was on patrol, she is reported to have responded to a shooting call outside her jurisdiction. She radios her supervisor that she was assisting and intrudes into a home where different officers and paramedics already had the situation under control. She tampers with evidence by holding a revolver that she finds lying on the floor. When asked to write about a report about the incidence, she leaves out the part where she interferes with the evidence. Her file shows that her performance for the last eight years have

BUSINESS ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BUSINESS ECONOMICS - Essay Example Open market operations involves the buying back or selling of government securities. Of the government wants to increase the supply of money it will buy back the securities it has sold to financial institutions in exchange of currency that will then be circulated in the market in the form of investments or lending. If the government wants to decrease the money supply it will sell its securities and holding onto the money that was previously in circulation. Another way to control money supply is to adjust the rate of lending at which the banks can obtain loans from the central bank or other banks. Higher rate will result in low borrowing and hence tightened money supply and vice versa. Lastly, Cash Reserve requirement is also adjusted in order to control money in circulation. Cash reserve is the amount of funds that the financial institutions are required to keep aside. This is a percentage of the total deposits and higher cash reserve requirement allows banks to lend out less funds. Similarly lower cash reserve requirement enables banks to have more funds to lend out. Unconventional tools of money supply include the central bank’s commitment to keep rates low in the future. Another means is to adjust the central bank’s assets to provide ease in credit through the change in different rates and prices. Third unconventional way is lower the policy rate to zero by supplying reserves that are more than the required rate (Highered.mcgraw-hill.com, 2011). Money supply is a crucial aspect that determines the value of currency and inflationary measures. Conventional ways are the standard means for the central bank to control money supply. However, if the economic conditions do not permit the central bank to use the conventional means they resort to unconventional means which are effective but not good for the economy in the long run due to their unpredictable and risky nature. (b) In a 2012 study the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that the fiscal

Intruding Ima and Falsified Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intruding Ima and Falsified Report - Case Study Example Police force is very crucial in any democratic system for maintaining law and order. As such they should have high ethical standards. Police officers are charged with the responsibility of promoting the rights of citizens but at the same time restricting the right of people who are a threat to the general good of the society. In their routine, they are sometimes compelled to appeal to force when a situation calls for it. Deliberate brutal treatment of offenders on the part of the officers is however a crime. To keep the trust of the public, misconducts on the parts of police should be dealt with in an acceptable way. Any officer given the duty to serve the public should take an oath of office and adhere to the set a code of ethics. Most people understand the importance of the police force in law enforcement and their role in maintaining order. As such they are very willing to cooperate with the police in order to live in a safe environment (Peak, 2001). Misconducts from police office rs weaken the relationship between the police and the people making them loose trust on the force. In this paper, the case study of Intruding Ima and falsified report and how such cases of misconduct and insubordination can be treated by the police administration and a justification of the method used is brought to the fore. Summary of the case study The case study given in this book is about Officer Ima Goodenough who has been an employee in the force for eight years. She is an officer in charge of patron and at times serves as field training officer. She has demonstrated great capability and is experienced in detective division and patrol. She labels herself as being an â€Å"old school† and only associated with colleagues who share her sentiments while turning away from other officers with contrasting views. When called for service, she takes them singlehandedly without asking for back up or cover units. She has shown consistent rough treatment in her contact the public wi th about six cases of brutality complaint launched against her within the last three years. According to her, people who ask for backup are â€Å"wimps†. Recently, she was engaged in two-high speed pursuit when her car was seriously smashed when she tried to go after the suspects off the road. She only reports to her supervisor about major cases. New supervisors have reported having major problem with her as she shows no respect for their authority. According to her, the administration is just there to mess up people. Being her shift commander I am fed up with her unchanging negative attitude and dissatisfactory performance and I am considering taking disciplinary moves. I have been made to understand that she is very tough making some of her current and past and current supervisors dread her. She has shown cases of intrusion and giving falsified reports on several occasions. In one instance, when she was on patrol, she is reported to have responded to a shooting call outside her jurisdiction. She radios her supervisor that she was assisting and intrudes into a home where different officers and paramedics already had the situation under control. She tampers with evidence by holding a revolver that she finds lying on the floor. When asked to write about a report about the incidence, she leaves out the part where she interferes with the evidence. Her file shows that her performance for the last eight years have

Descriptive Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descriptive Ethnography - Essay Example The Hispanics as demonstrated by the young Hispanic female emphasize on respect on all their forms of communication and rarely initiate conversations since they prefer to be approached. Mostly, the Hispanics interpret eye contact as a more confrontational body language and further considers that being ignored is as a sign of disrespect and offensive. The Hispanics do avoid too much gesturing and insist on maintaining an accepting attitude. The Hispanics are never contented with some questions such as questions concerning immigration status and religion and are seen to be very expressive in communication. Majority of Hispanics are Roman Catholic which acts as the main source for both information and are also known to be people who are very proud of their heritage hence do not forget their origin (Roll & Irwin, 2008). A young Hispanic female around 19-20 talks on her cell phone while walking towards the cafeteria and is wearing a red jacket with SF 49’ers logo in the back. She m ust be a 49’ers fan or maybe because of the hotness of the 49’ers hence suggesting her love for hot things. The Hispanic girl wears big round gold earrings and has her nails painted red and well kept. She loves herself so much and adores elegance and fashion as the Hispanic culture explains. She looks fashionable and elegance as she puts her black backpack on her left shoulder. The backpack looks empty hence suggesting her love for stylishness. She wears blue jeans that look like the fancy type due to its washed out color and a logo. that is not recognizable. Her full tan purse on her right shoulder looks fuller than her backpack may be to show her adoption to the current trends and fashion of carrying purse. The purse may be carrying her make ups that ensure she looks beautiful all the time and anywhere. She walks so fast but she is not in a hurry maybe because of her fear for eyes and the fact that Hispanic culture does not recognize much the female gender. She must be hurrying to get away from the possible onlookers or admirers who may get a glimpse of her. She wears a smile on her face with her head rocking front and back perhaps to gain confidence. She does not seem to be having enough confidence especially when she is amidst many people. She does not seem to care about what happens around her as she hurriedly disappears into the cafeteria without looking sideways (Roll & Irwin, 2008). The patterns of communication amongst the African Americans are mostly familiar with Anglo American patterns. The African Americans are largely affected by the past incidents of racism and sense of subjection in their interactions thus making them show respect at all times while communicating. This group of people believe in a prolonged eye contact which is always seen as confrontational or aggressive and would mostly seek assistance from the religious leaders if need arose (Pinn, Finley & Alexander, 2009). The African Americans do not address people by their first names which are construed as lack of respect but may use the first names if they are urged to do so. This group of pe

Job roles at Tescos Essay Example for Free

Job roles at Tescos Essay A Director is also sometimes known as chief executive officer. CEO are the main bosses of PLCs-Public limited Companies- The title reflects his or her role as both a member of the Board of Directors but also as the senior manager. In large Companies, including investment banks and other financial institutions, Director/Managing Director does not refer to the chief executive but can rather refer to the head of a major business unit. Even though it is known as CEO in some cases, companies prefer the term Director or Managing Director. The responsibility and the role of a CEO is to make sure the company is functioning properly financially. They are the main people who give instructions to employees lower status to them. The Directors are the face of the business. They have a huge responsibility as if the company becomes corrupt or bankrupt this will be due to the director not making correct choices. A Managing Director usually has job security because the board rely on them to keep the company running correctly, if the board decides to fire the director it would be really difficult to find a replacement quickly, therefore it would cost the company quite a lot of money. Because of this usually the job of a CEO is secured. Typical day to day jobs of a Managing Director range from making strategic planning to dealing with customers. Skills, qualifications and personal qualities needed to be a Managing director range from University level degree to peer to peer skills in order for them to communicate accordingly with customers. Managing director are highly appreciated for their work, therefore are paid quite large amounts of salaries, these salary begin from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½65,000 and can lead up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500,000. The benefit of a CEO is that they get paid bonuses in the end if they are PLC Company. These bonuses range from 50%+ of the original salary. The CEO/Managing Director of Tescos is Terry Leahy. The role and day to day jobs of Terry include making final decisions on things like if Tescos wants to create more branches or close down branches. Mr Leahy might also be involved into making decisions such as if Tesco as a whole want a redecoration or they want a new logo. Again Terry Leahy is the face Tesco; he reflects the popularity of Tesco. Operative: Tescos operatives key responsibilities are to offer customer service for their customers. For example, if they are a cashier they will offer customer service when the customers buy products from the till, where as if the they are a shelf stacker they may help customers who are looking for a specific product or give them advice about particular products they might be interested in. A Tesco operative isnt considered usually as a secure job. The reason being, to be an operative you dont require a lot of skills, because of this it means that a large amount of people fit this criteria, therefore Tescos wouldnt hesitate to quickly fire the operative as they would have a handful of people to select the new operative from. Tesco also likes to employ their operatives on temporary contracts. This means that by law it is easy for Tesco to get rid of the employee. The only way a Tescos operative could get a little bit of security would be if they sign a permanent contract. This means that it would be legally much harder for the company-Tesco- to fire the operative. Usually an operative wouldnt be offered a permanent contract without previously completing a temporary contract. The basic skills that a operative will need is ranged from good communication skills, and to have basic English and maths skills, also on top of these educational skill they will also need a common sense and a sense of humour. They will need to be organised and well presented. No degree is usually needed to qualify as an operative, but obviously a GCSE will be taken as a good factor. The wages of an operative usually ranges from minimum to around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7 an hour. Operatives are rarely paid their salaries in a yearly basis. Benefits which affect a Tescos operative would be things like a certain amount discount on the companies products, the operative would also be entitled to around about 4-5 weeks paid holiday per year. Manager: The managers, of a branch of Tescos have important responsibilities. These range from ensuring that their operatives and supervisors are working to their full potential and that the department or the store is meeting their day to day targets. For example an overall Tesco store manager will have much more responsibilities than for example a meat department manager. The tasks of a Tescos store manager would range from ensuring if for example the meat department has enough supplies for the week, or if bakery departments needs more flour to bake bread, the manager might need to arrange the sources. The managers at Tescos usually have a stable and secure job. This is explained because to apply for a position like a manager, you will need either have a lot of experience working for Tesco, or another supermarket, or will need to have degrees at a higher level of education. Usually managers of Tescos have worked their way up from starting at a lower place like an Operative, and through years of experience they reach the managers position. However reaching a managers position this way is very difficult as it takes a lot of patience and hard work. The other way of getting a job as a manager of Tescos, might be to get a business masters degree, although again, this takes a few years of studying in university, and there is only a small range of people who have these type of qualifications in the labour market. The role of the manager of Tescos is very different to the job role of an operative. The job of a manager requires a large range of skill; as they will have many decisions to make and problems to conquer. The store manager of a certain branch of Tescos might need to make decisions from such as if they need to fire a certain employee at that branch to decide whether or not to change the layout of the Tesco. Another serious problem a manager will be facing would be deciding how to react with the complaints of the stores customers. As you can see the manager has a large amount of responsibility when it comes to decision making, this is why either experience or qualifications is a must, so the person makes the correct decision. The skills which a manager of a supermarket will need will range from good communications skills-in orders to deal upfront with customers complaints- to being a proven leader, a motivator in order to lead his or her employees to complete the aims of Tesco the fastest and most efficient way. They need to be able to do independent work, to be organised, committed and hardworking. A sense of humour is also a skill which they need; this comes in handy with the communication with the customers, and is a big asset in solving day to day problems, such as complaints. As a standard procedure, benefits come with the job of being a manager. These benefits are much better than the benefits of a standard operative. Managers are paid in a annual salary-per annum. The amount will vary on the size of the store of Tesco, for example if its a Tesco express not a standard big Tesco and the amount of qualifications the individual has. The amount ranges from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000. The contract of a manager may state that they are contracted to work 40 hours per week, and this is all they will be paid for, however they may find themselves working longer hours then problems might occur. The benefits of a manager include larger discounts on Tescos products compare to operatives, and unlike the 4-5 weeks of paid holiday for operative, the managers will get 5-6 weeks of paid holidays per year. C-Grade A contract of employment is a contract binding under the law of United Kingdom, between the employee and the employer-Tescos- stating the terms and conditions of the employment. Explanation of sales operatives contract of employment Salary: A sales assistant is paid just above minimum wage, at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.50 per hours. A salary is a form of a periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which is specified in the contract of employment, while the wage is a payment for a certain unit of labour for a certain unit of time. The reason for such a small wage for a sales assistant is because this doesnt require a lot of experience and qualifications, in fact if you can count its enough to be a sales assistant. Date paid: A sales assistant salary day is usually paid monthly, and during the end of the month and is important because this is the day they receive payment for the service which they have provided. Hours of Work: Sales assistant work for around 40 hours a week, over a 5 day period which Name of the contracted parties: This is where the employer and the employee are named with there addresses Starting date of the employee: This is the date of which the employee has begun working at Tescos. Job title and description: This is one of the most important sections in the contract, due to the fact that this is the bit where it is fully described on what the employee has to do, and what fits into their jobs guidelines. Address of workplace: This is the section where it clearly states the address of the place the employee will be working every day, and where they should go to every morning. Holiday entitlement: This is the section where it states how much holidays an employee is allowed. Usually for a sales operative on average its 4 weeks (20 days) of paid holiday per year. And every year after the first year an amount of 1 day is added to the paid holidays. Sickness entitlement: Contractual sick pay: the employee will receive their normal salary for a period of 4 weeks, in any 12 month period where a doctors certificate is produced after 7 consecutive days of sickness. Payments will be less statutory sick pay and any social securitys benefit due to the employee. So the sales operative would only be allowed to take 7 sick days off without a doctors note. Devoting full time to the company: This shows that the sales operative will need to devote their full attention to their job when they are at work. They are not allowed to spend any time phoning friends, or furthering other business interest at a time which Tesco is paying them. Reimburse of expenses: If a Tescos employee like the sales operative spends any money on the business of Tescos, then they need to keep the receipts so Tescos reimburse the amount in which the employee has spent. Disability: If a Tescos employee is injured at the workplace, Tescos are legally obliged to pay for their medical costs. Notice Periods: Time In Employment Minimum Notice Under 1 Month No Notice Over 1 Month 1 Week 2 Years Service 2 Weeks 3 to 12 years service One week for each year to a maximum of 12 weeks. Death Benefits: If one of the Tescos employees dies, then Tescos are legally obliged to compensate the family of the employee who just died. Oral Moderation not binding: This means that anything that are orally changed that might be made to the contract are not binding under the law of the United Kingdom. And if both the employee and the employer wish to have this a legal matter, they will need to write it down, agreed , and then Tescos and the employee have to both sign it Both the employee and the employer have to sign the contract otherwise, it is not a legally binding contract and can not be used in the court of law, if in any case needed.

Othellos Impact On Todays Society :: essays research papers

Othello's Impact on Today's Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late 1990's playwright, William Shakespeare's, Othello was successfully produced in the United States and around the world. One might wonder why this classical tragedy gained so much popularity with today's society. In my own opinion, this play was successful due to the themes and issues addressed. Societies still deal with these situations today. These themes and issues are a part of our lives and people can relate to them. This story's success was also due to the historical, sociological, and psychological function it plays. As well as it's impact on language and literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basic theme of Othello is man's struggle with his own psychological conflicts. Our antagonist, Iago lets us into his own demented mind using soliloquy. Shakespeare uses this method to let us know what he is thinking, feeling, and plotting. Most of us know an Iago. One of our own mortal enemies, our friend who all the while is stabbing us in the back. He is the portrayal of pure evil. Othello, our protagonist, stuggles with the common man's own fears. He suffers greatly his own hubris, he is so afraid of having his pride hurt. But his jealousy is the main conflict. Jealousy something each of us deal with daily. We have all fallen victim to the 'green-eyed monster' e.g., (1085). After all, what is one of the highest causes of divorce in the United States? Adultry. It doesn't seem to matter how good a person we are doubt always seems to creep through and take over. An example of this parody is when Othello is confronted by Iago concerning Desdemona's possible unf aithfulness. Othello states 'Villian be sure thou prove my love a whore, Be sure of it; give me the ocular proof.' e.g., (1090). His fear wont let him trust her completely. Yet, he won't believe it without proof. These are things we deal with today. Private detectives are thriving today with spouse's wanting proof of their husbands or wives unloyalty. The realism of this script is uncanny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fuctions of this play covers a large range. Othello provides us with a lesson in history, sociology, and psychology. The setting gives us a view into the lifestyles and culture of the era. The external stuggles that both Iago and Othello deal with lets us understand the sociology of the times. Iago is jealous of Cassio and wants his position of high social standing.

Etiology of Developmental Dyslexia Essay examples -- Psychology Learni

Etiology of Developmental Dyslexia The long disputed debate about the primary cause of dyslexia is still very much alive in the field of psychology. Dyslexia is commonly characterized as a reading and writing impairment that affects around 5% of the global population. The disorder has frequently been hypothesized to be the result of various sensory malfunctions. For over a decade, studies have made major contributions to the disorder's etiology; however, scientists are still unclear of its specific causal. Initially, dyslexia was thought to be a reading disorder in children and adults (1). Later it was suggested to consist of both a visual and writing component, therefore characterizing it as more of a learning disability which affected people of normal intelligence's ability to perform to their fullest potential (5). In the current research, cognitive and biological perspectives have often been developed independently of one another failing to recognize their respective positions within the disorder's etiology. The Phonological Deficit and Magnocellular theory are two of the most dominant theories in dyslexic research. Various theories have been suggested to explain the nature and origin of dyslexia, however, they often served as additional support for either the phonological or magnocellular theories. The Double Deficit theory suggested that dyslexic symptoms were the result of speed-processing (7). The Genomic theory posed that dyslexia was a highly heritable disorder that can be localized to a specific genetic component, Finally, the Cerebellar Deficit theory suggested that dyslexia was the result of an abnormal cerebellum exist (2). With the constant debate of the biological nature versus the cognitive natur... ...explanation of temporal processing and phonological deficit theory of dyslexia. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WC0-45FCDRM-M-1&_cdi=6724&_orig=browse&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2002&_sk=999199996&wchp=dGLbVlb-lSzBV&_acct=C000020258&_version=1&_userid=423519&md5=8fa40b6212ee8c82801e117a768bf4bb&ie=f.pdf 5)Nature.com, Article discussing the two most prevalent theories of dyslexia; the magnocellular and phonological theories. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v412/n6845/full/412393a0_fs.html&content_filetype=pdf 6) Infotrac, Article describing the double deficit hypothesis of dyslexia. http://web2.infotrac-ustom.com/pdfserve/get_item/1/Sbc1b55w7_1/SB765_01.pdf NON-WEB REFERENCES 7).To see but not read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Stien, J. & Walsh, V. TINS v20 1997 pages 147-152.

Ajanta Caves Essay

Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India are a Buddhist monastery complex of twenty-nine rock-cut cave monuments containing paintings and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of both â€Å"Buddhist religious art†[1] and â€Å"universal pictorial art†[2] The caves are located just outside the village of Ajiná ¹ ­hÄ  in Aurangabad District in the Indian state of Maharashtra (N. lat. 20 deg. 30†² by E. long. 75 deg. 40†²). Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Excavation of the caves began in the third-second century B.C.E., during the period when Dakshinapath was ruled by Satavahana dynasty, and activity at the complex continued until the fifth to sixth century C.E., when the region was ruled by Vakatakas. Both the Satavahanas and Vakatakas were followers of Brahmanism, but also patronized the Buddhist shrines. The walls, ceilings and columns of the caves were covered with complex compositions of the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddha’s former existences as Boddhisattva), and ornate floral and animal decorations. The exuberance and richness of the painting suggests that the artists were accustomed to painting secular as well as religious works. The paintings have a natural fluidity, depth and volume not found in later, more stylized Indian art. Jataka tales from the Ajanta caves Ajanta Caves – view from ticket officeAjanta Caves in Maharashtra, India are a Buddhist monastery complex of twenty-nine rock-cut cave monuments containing paintings and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of both â€Å"Buddhist religious art†[1] and â€Å"universal pictorial art†[2] The caves are located just outside the village of Ajiná ¹ ­hÄ  in Aurangabad District in the Indian state of Maharashtra (N. lat. 20 deg. 30†² by E. long. 75 deg. 40†²). Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Excavation of the caves began in the third-second century B.C.E., during the period when Dakshinapath was ruled by Satavahana dynasty, and activity at the complex continued until the fifth to sixth century C.E., when the region was ruled by Vakatakas. Both the Satavahanas and Vakatakas were followers of Brahmanism, but also patronized the Buddhist shrines. The walls, ceilings and columns of the caves were covered with complex compositions of the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddha’s former existences as  Boddhisattva), and ornate floral and animal decorations. The exuberance and richness of the painting suggests that the artists were accustomed to painting secular as well as religious works. The paintings have a natural fluidity, depth and volume not found in later, more stylized Indian art. Jataka tales from the Ajanta caves Ajanta Caves – view from ticket office Horse shoe shaped Ajanta caves view from Caves Viewpoint some eight kms away Contents [hide] †¢1 Description and History †¢2 Dating of the Caves †¢3 Structure of the Caves o3.1 Cave One o3.2 Cave Two †¢4 Paintings †¢5 See also †¢6 Notes †¢7 References †¢8 External links †¢9 Credits Description and History The Ajanta Caves are a Buddhist monastery complex consisting of 29 caves (as officially numbered by the Archaeological Survey of India), located in a wooded and rugged horseshoe-shaped ravine about 3.5 km from the village of Ajintha, which is situated in the AurangÄ bÄ d district of Maharashtra State in India (106 kilometers away from the city of Aurangabad). Along the bottom of the ravine runs the Waghur River, a mountain stream. The caves, carved into the south side of the precipitous scarp made by the cutting of the ravine, vary from 35 to 110 feet in elevation above the bed of the stream. The monastic complex of Ajanta consists of several viharas (monastic halls of residence) and chaitya-grihas (stupa monument halls), adorned with  architectural details, sculptures and paintings that, even in their partially damaged state, are considered one of the glories of world art.[3] Excavation of the caves began in the third-second century B.C.E., during the period when Dakshinapath was ruled by Satavahana dynasty, and activity at the complex continued until the fifth to the sixth century C.E., when the region was ruled by Vakatakas. Both the Satavahanas and Vakatakas were followers of Brahmanism; nevertheless, they not only generated a liberal climate in which all religions could flourish, but also patronized the Buddhist shrines. The mention of a rock-cut monastery as the abode of the Buddhist monk Achala celebrated Buddhist philosopher and author of well-known books on logic, and the mountain range where it was located, the monastery being for certain Cave No. 26 and the mountain range, Ajanta ridge, appeared in the travel account of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, who visited India in the seventh century C.E. and stayed there for 15 years[4]. Nothing more was known of Ajanta before 1819, when some British officers of the Madras Army made a chance discovery of this magnificent site. They named it Ajanta after the name of the nearest village. In 1843, after a gap of 25 years, James Fergusson presented a paper to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland and drew global attention to the site. The M adras Army deputed its officer R. Gill to prepare copies of the Ajanta murals. Gill worked from 1849 to 1855 and prepared 30 paintings, but unfortunately they were destroyed in a fire in 1866. The efforts to discover Ajanta progressed in two directions, the preparation of copies of the murals, and research on Ajanta’s other aspects. Mr. Griffiths, the Superintendent and Principal of Sir Jamshedji Jijibhai School of Art, Bombay, was at Ajanta from 1872 to 1885 with a team of his students, to copy its murals, but unfortunately most of these were also destroyed in a fire. Finally, Lady Haringham and a team of artists comprising Syed Ahmad and Mohammad Fazlud-din of Hyderabad and Nandalal Bose, Asit Kumar Haldar and Samarendranath Gupta of the Calcutta School, camped at Ajanta from 1910 to 1912 copying its murals. In 1956-1957 the Archeological Survey of India took up the project and authentic copies of the murals were prepared. In 1983, the Ajanta Caves were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Dating of the Caves The period during which Ajanta Caves were excavated stretches over eight- or nine hundred years from the third- to second century B.C.E. to the fifth- sixth century C.E. The caves reveal two distinct phases of excavation. Six of them, namely, caves 9, 10, 8, 12, 13, and 15-A (the last one was re-discovered in 1956, and is still not officially numbered), belong to the early period. Caves 9 and 10 appear to have been excavated during the second half of the third or the first half of the second century B.C.E.. The other four date from the first century B.C.E. However, Cave 10 is the earliest; it precedes even Cave 9 by at least 50 years. Caves 12, 13, and 15A of this phase are vihÄ ras (monastic halls of residence). During this period, Buddhism pursued the HÄ «nayÄ na doctrine, which initially prohibited the worship of anthropomorphic images of Buddha. Caves 9 and 10, the Chaitya-grahas (homes of the Sacred, monument halls) do not have anthropomorphic images of Buddha, though on th e faà §ade of Cave No. 9 such images were subsequently added. Around the first century B.C.E.Hinayana allowed the making of Buddha’s personal images. The shift from non-image to image characterizes other caves of this early phase, known as the Hinayana-Satavahana phase. Caves 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 to 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 belong to the later phase, which began three centuries later, from the fifth to the sixth century C.E.. Buddhism had largely shifted to Mahayana doctrine and the region was ruled by Vakatakas of the Vatsagulma branch, who were also the patrons of these caves; this phase is usually known as Mahayana-Vakataka phase. As suggested by epigraphic records, Caves No. 16 and 17 were commissioned by Vakataka ruler Harishena (475-500 C.E.) through one of his ministers Varahadeva, who was posted at the site for supervising the progress, and a subordinate vassal of the area respectively. Ajanta had been a center of monastic and religious activities since the second- to first century B.C.E.; the embellishment of facades and wall spaces with paintings and sculptures continued all through. However, the excavation of the caves seems to have been suspended until the excavation of Caves 16 and 17. Cave 8 was long thought to be a HinayÄ na cave; however current research shows that it is in fact a Mahayana cave. Three chaitya-grihas, caves 19, 26, and 29, were excavated during the Vakataka or Mahayana phase. The last cave was abandoned soon after it was begun. The rest of the excavations are viharas: caves 1-3, 5-8, 11, 14-18,  20-25, and 27-28. None of the caves in the Vakataka phase were ever fully completed. Based on the archaeological evidence visible on site, the suggestion of Walter M. Spink that a crisis occurred when the ruling Vakataka dynasty suddenly fell out of power and forced all activities to a sudden halt, is increasingly gaining acceptance. Structure of the Caves The viharas are of various sizes, the maximum being about 52 feet. They are often square-shaped. Their designs are varied; some have simple and some have ornate facades, some have a porch and others do not. The hall was an essential element of a vihara. The early viharas of the Vakataka phase were not intended to have shrines because they were meant to be used solely as halls of residence and congregation. Later, a shrine set in the back wall of the vihara became a norm. The shrines were fashion to house a central object of reverence, often the image of the Buddha seated in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra (the gesture of teaching position). In the more recent caves, subsidiary shrines are added on the side walls, porch or the front-court. The facades of many vihÄ ras are decorated with carvings, and walls and ceilings were often covered with paintings. Most of the subjects of the paintings have been identified by the German Ajantologist, Dieter Schlingloff. Cave One Painting from Cave No. 1 Cave 1 The first cave on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp, it is, according to Spink, one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the VÄ kÄ Ã… £aka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the VÄ kÄ Ã… £aka king Harisena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave. This cave has an elaborate carving on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and fridges, depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two-pillared portico, visible in nineteenth-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side, and a porch with simple cells on both ends. The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that  the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta, when pillared vestibules had became the norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of whi ch many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways, and two square windows carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet long and 20 feet high. A square colonnade of 12 pillars inside supports the ceiling and creates spacious aisles along the walls. A shrine carved on the rear wall houses an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra (position). There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation, depicting mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental scenes from the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddha’s former existences as Boddhisattva), the life of the Gautam Buddha, and those of his veneration. Cave Two Painting, Cave No. 2 (?) Painting from the Ajanta caves Ajanta Caves Ajanta Caves Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It resembles Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. The porch and the facade carvings are different, and the cave is supported by robust ornamented pillars, but the size and ground plan have many aspects in common with the first cave. The front porch has of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends; porch-end cells, which provided more room, symmetry, and beauty, became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha’s life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porch’s rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interiors. Four colonnades arranged in a square support the ceiling; the  capitals are carved and painted with various decorative themes that include ornamental, human, animal, vegetative and semi-divine forms. The paintings covering the walls and ceilings are eroded and fragmentary at various places. Painted narratives of the Jataka tales are depicted on the walls in such a way that a devotee walking through the aisles between the colonnades and the wall would be able to â€Å"read† about the Buddha’s teachings and life through successive births. Paintings The Ajanta Cave paintings are the earliest and most important wall paintings in India and are particularly significant because all other forms of painting, such as palace murals and painting on wood, cloth or palm-leaf from before about 1000 C.E. have not survived. [5] The technique and process used to create the Ajanta cave paintings are unlike any other artwork found in the art history of other civilizations, and are unique within the history of South Asian art. The walls, ceilings and columns of the caves were covered with complex compositions of the Jataka stories and ornate floral and animal decorations. The paintings depict a universe in which aristocratic men and women dwell in harmony with an abundant nature. The exuberance and richness of the painting suggests that the artists were accustomed to painting secular as well as religious works. The process of painting involved several stages. First, the rock surface was chiseled to make it rough enough to hold a plaster made of c lay, hay, dung and lime over a clay under-layer. Differences are found in the ingredients and their proportions from cave to cave. While the plaster was still wet, the drawings were outlined and the colors applied. The wet plaster had the capacity to soak up the color so that the color became a part of the surface and would not peel off or decay easily. The colors were referred to as ‘earth colors’ or ‘vegetable colors.’ Various kinds of stones, minerals, and plants were used in combinations to prepare different colors. The paint brushes used to create the artwork were made from animal hair and twigs. The outline drawing has a fluency and vigor not found in later Indian painting. Modeling and highlights, as well as spatial recession are used to accentuate the volume of the figures. The latest paintings show some of the highly-stylized, flatter qualities of paintings from the succeeding centuries. Sculptures were often covered with stucco to give them a fine finish and lustrous  polish. The stucco had the ingredients of lime and powdered sea-shell or conch. The latter afforded exceptio nal shine and smoothness. In cave upper 6, where some of it is extant, the smoothness resembles the surface of glass. See also The Ajanta Caves (Ajiá ¹â€¡Ã¡ ¹ ­hÄ  leni; Marathi: à ¤â€¦Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¿Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤  Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ ²Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¥â‚¬) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE. The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales)[1] as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka.[2] The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE.[3] It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India.[4] Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajiná ¹ ­hÄ  (20 °31†²56†³N 75 °44†²44†³E). Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi – Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India); and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). Contents [hide] †¢1 First period †¢2 Second period †¢3 Rediscovery by Europeans †¢4 Cave One †¢5 Cave Two o5.1 The facade o5.2 The porch o5.3 The hall o5.4 The paintings †¢6 Cave Four †¢7 See also †¢8 References †¢9 Literature †¢10 External links [edit]First period According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period.[5] Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. Bird’s eye view of Ajanta Caves. [edit]Second period Ajanta Caves, map Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves’ second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M. Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas: monasteries with a sanctuary in the structure’s rear centre. Each of cave temples seem to be patronised by influential authority, numerous best available artists have been involved in the work with fruitful rivalry between the neighbouring construction sites.[6] According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, un visited and undisturbed.[7] [edit]Rediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of the pillars. Still faintly visible, it records his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collected over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.[8] Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. [edit]Cave One Painting of Padmapani and Vajrapani from Cave No. 1 Porch of cave no. 1. Ajanta Caves The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in theVÄ kÄ Ã… £aka phase.[clarification needed] Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the VÄ kÄ Ã… £aka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave. A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends. The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls. There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the ‘dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The  walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. The themes are from the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddha’s former existences as Bodhisattva), the life of the Gautama Buddha, and those of his veneration. [edit] Cave Two Ajanta Caves ï‚ § Painting, cave no. 2. ï‚ § Painting from the Ajanta Caves. ï‚ § A section of the mural at Ajanta in Cave No 17, depicts the ‘coming of Sinhala’. The prince (Prince Vijaya) is seen in both of groups of elephants and riders. ï‚ §The consecration of KingSinhala (Prince Vijaya) (Detail from the Ajanta Mural of Cave No 17). ï‚ § Entrance of cave no. 9. ï‚ § Lord Buddha in preaching pose flanked by Bodhisattvas, Cave 4, Ajanta. Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. The facade Cave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the first cave. The porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both  ends. The cells on the previously â€Å"wasted areas† were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beauty. The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha’s life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porch’s rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. The hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. The colonnades have rock-beams above and below them. The capitals are carved and painted with various decorative themes that include ornamental, human, animal, vegetative, and semi-divine forms. The paintings Paintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. The painted narratives of the Jataka tales are depicted only on the walls, which demanded the special attention of the devotee. They are didactic in nature, meant to inform the community about the Buddha’s teachings and life through successive rebirths. Their placement on the walls required the devotee to walk through the aisles and ‘read’ the narratives depicted in various episodes. The narrative episodes are depicted one after another although not in a linear order. Their identification has been a core area of research since the site’s rediscovery in 1819. Dieter Schlingloff’s identifications have updated our knowledge on the subject. Some believe that the art work has erroneously been alluded to as â€Å"fresco†, rather than mural, and assert that the technique and process used to produce this kind of artwork is unlike any other artwork found in the art history of other civilizations, including within the history of South Asian art. Cave Four The Archeological Survey of India board outside the caves gives the following detail about cave 4 : â€Å"This is the largest monastery planned on a grandiose scale but was never finished.An inscription on the pedestal of the buddha’s image mentions that it was a gift from a person named Mathura and paleographically belongs to 6 th century A.D. It consists of a verandah , a hypostylar hall, sanctum with an antechamber and a series of unfinished cells.The sanctum houses a colossal image of Lord buddha in preaching pose flanked